Sport and the people who participate in it are central to the curriculum of the degree programs offered by Faculty of Physical Education and Sport. Through various modules and using a range of academic disciplines, students are able to examine and analyze the sporting performance and experience. This chapter is designed to provide students with basic terms used in sport and exercise at the very first stage of becoming a professional.

Ability is possession of qualities (especially physical qualities when speaking about the sport area) required to perform a given movement pattern. A skill is a capacity to perform it well. Skills are usually acquired or learned, as opposed to abilities, which are often thought of as innate. Talent is the potential or factual ability to perform a skill better than most people.

Physical activity is any body movement produced by skeletal muscles and resulting in energy expenditure.

Exercise is a physical activity that is planned, structured and repetitive. It involves repetitive movements of the body done to improve or maintain one or more of the components of physical fitness—cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition

STANDING POSITION: standing position can be performed with both legs parallel to each other, feet together, with toes pointing forward; or with feet slightly apart, hip-width apart, or wider than shoulder-width apart. We can stand on one or both feet and shift our weight from foot to foot, or assume tip-toeing position. As the body is still supported on the feet, squat is also considered a form of the standing position. Depending on the flexion at knees, which can be slight or full, half squat is also described. Balancing on one foot with other leg straight and high in the air, chest is down, is called scale.

Kneeling position is taken on your knees, with the hips pushed forward and back straight, or, when sitting on the feet

Move your mouse over the sample standing positions to see images:

Basic standing position: feet together

Basic standing position: feet together
Straddle standing position: feet apart

Straddle standing position: feet apart
Squat

Squat
Upright kneeling position: back straight

Upright kneeling position: back straight
Lunging

Lunging
Scale: balancing position

Scale: balancing position

LYING POSITION: When doing exercises you can assume the lying position on your back, chest or side. These positions are also termed the back-lying, chest-lying or side-lying position. When in the back-lying position, your knees can be straight or bent, with the feet flat on the floor, apart or together. You can be also instructed to flatten/press your low back on the floor.

Move your mouse over the sample lying positions to see images:

Lying on chest, chest-lying position

Lying on chest, chest-lying position
Lying on back, back-lying position

Lying on back, back-lying position
Lying on left/right side, side-lying position

Lying on left/right side, side-lying position

Move your mouse over the sample support positions to see images:

Front support

Front support
Back suppport

Back suppport

SITTING POSITION: sitting position can be assumed with both legs parallel to each other, knees bent or straight, toes pointing upward, or, with the legs apart (split), or crossed and bent at the knees. Tuck position is a form of sitting position with both legs bent at the hips and at the knees, with the knees brought/pressed towards the chest. In some stretching exercises, sitting with one leg straight and the other bent at knee with the sole pressed to the knee of the straight leg, is also used.

Move your mouse over the sample sitting positions to see images:

L seat: (long sitting), feet together, knees and back straight
L seat: (long sitting), feet together, knees and back straight
Tailor seat: cross-legged sitting position

Tailor seat: cross-legged sitting position
V seat: sitting position, both legs raised, feet at the chest level
V seat: sitting position, both legs raised, feet at the chest level
Straddle: sitting position, legs apart, (straddle)

Straddle: sitting position, legs apart, (straddle)
Hurdle seat: sitting in hurdle position, with the left/right lead leg
Hurdle seat: sitting in hurdle position, with the left/right lead leg
Seat on heels: sitting in the kneeling position

Seat on heels: sitting in the kneeling position

ARM MOVEMENTS: exercises can be performed with the arms raised, stretched sideways, forward or backward, or crossed on the chest. They can be bent (slightly) at the elbows, or kept straight.

Changing the arm positions results in arm action, which is performed by e.g. circling, driving or bringing the arms forward or backward, lowering down, swinging or sweeping. The arm movements can be also done with the palms facing upward or down, or placed flat on the floor. The hands can be put, or rest, on the hips, clasped behind the head, or placed flat on the floor.

LEG MOVEMENTS: the exercise can be performed with the legs straight, stretched or bent (slightly or fully) at the knees or hips. Changing the position of legs results in leg action or footwork, which can be accomplished by raising/lowering the legs together or alternately, lunging, swinging, or driving the legs forward/backward. The leg action can be also taken with the feet flat on the floor, with the toes pointing upward, forward, inward, or outward.

UPPER BODY (TRUNK) MOVEMENTS: when doing the exercise, the upper body can be kept straight when we are instructed to stand o sit straight (tall), or (slightly) bent when leaning forward, backward, to side, or against e.g. a wall. Changing the upper body position can be also done by raising or lowering the upper body from the lying position, twisting in both directions, circling, or curling the trunk slowly and gradually.

Abdominal Curl-up
Lie on your back, with the knees bent (to about 90 degrees) and feet flat on the floor. Avoid anchoring your feet down. Do a “pelvic tilt”, pressing your lower back to the floor, then slowly curl forward, lifting your shoulder blades and upper back off the floor. Hold this “up position” for couple of seconds, then slowly curl back down. Look toward the ceiling (not at your knees) throughout so you don’t bend your neck too fat forward. Make the curl-up increasingly difficult by changing the arm positions: with arms straight, slide hands along the floor; with arms straight, slide the hands up the thighs as far as the knees; cross arms on the chest; bend arms and hold hands against the ears.

Thigh Stretch
While standing, bend one knee, grasp your ankle and pull your foot gently toward your buttocks. Keep the supporting leg slightly bent and your back straight. Use a chair for support if you need to.

Low Back Stretch
While lying on your back, grasp your hands behind one knee and bring it toward your chest.

Push-up
Take the starting press-up position, position your hands at shoulder level with your palms flat on the floor slightly more than shoulder-width apart. Use either the knees or the feet for the pivot point (using the feet requires more strength). Then keeping your body in line (don’t sag!), straighten your arms to push your body up, then lower it again until you are almost touching the floor and repeat the whole pattern again.

In a general sense, locomotion simply means active movement or travel.

Walking is the main form of locomotion, distinguished from running. Walking is generally distinguished from running in that only one foot at a time leaves contact with the ground. During forward motion, the leg that leaves the ground swings forward from the hip. Then the leg strikes the ground with the heel and rolls through to the toe. The motion of the two legs is coordinated so that one foot or the other is always in contact with the ground.

Running is a complex, coordinated process which involves the entire body. Running is executed as a sequence of strides, which alternate between the two legs. Each leg's stride can be roughly divided into three phases: support, drive, and recovery. Support and drive occur when the foot is in contact with the ground. Recovery occurs when the foot is off the ground. The motions of the upper body are essential to maintaining balance and a forward motion for optimal running. They compensate for the motions of the lower body, keeping the body in rotational balance. A leg's recovery is matched by a forward drive of the opposite arm, and a leg's support and drive motions are balanced by backward movement of the opposite arm. The shoulders and torso are also involved.

The forward roll has a tremendous number of applications, beginning with a simple tucked forward roll, progressing through a more difficult straddle forward roll to the handstand forward roll. Handstand forward roll begins with performing the handstand. After holding the handstand position, the gymnast allows the body to lean slightly, and, while tucking the head, rolls forward and arrives in a standing position. Advanced skills may be presented such as a cartwheel, followed by handstand with transition to the forward roll.

Forward roll progression usually starts with the rock back exercise. The gymnast assumes sitting tuck, clasps the knees tightly to the chest and keeps feet together. The head is moved over the knees to form rounded back. The gymnast rocks back on to the shoulders, rocks back to the sitting tuck, and repeats the whole movement again.

The exercise can be modified by starting in the squat position, rocking back on to the shoulders and arms reaching forward to return to the squat position again. Feet are together.

Next step to take is using an inclined padded bench. The gymnast starts in the squat position, feet together, hands placed on the side of the bench; then tucks the head to the knees and pushes chin to the chest; raises the bottom and starts to roll. Arms reach forward to return to squat position.

On a padded inclined bench the teacher supports the gymnast through the roll by gently pushing the back of the head, allowing the gymnast to roll on to the top of the shoulders.

Forward roll progression may be completed by forward roll from tuck squat to tuck squat.

Crossover Dribble
The player dribbles with his right hand. Bouncing the ball in front of his body, he passes the ball to his left hand. He continues dribbling with his left hand and repeats the same action from the left to the right. Through the whole movement he watches the ball only through his peripheral vision.

Through the Legs Crossover
The player dribbles with his right hand on the right side. The ball is passed from his right hand through the legs to his left hand at the moment when his right leg is in the back position. He continues dribbling repeating the action from the left to the right. Again only using his peripheral vision.

Behind the Back Crossover
The player dribbles with his left hand and passes the ball from left to right behind the body at the moment when his left leg is in the back position. Then he continues dribbling on the right side. The same action is repeated the right to the left when the right leg is in the back position, again using only his peripheral vision.

One-Handed Chest Pass
The player is standing with one leg slightly forward, weight distributed on both feet and legs slightly bent at the knees. The ball is held with both hands waist-high. Arms are flexed, with elbows slightly opened to protect the ball. The pass is performed using the whole arm. The arm extends from the elbow. The pass is completed with the follow-through of the wrist.

Reference:

action akce, činnost, práce
    arm action práce paží při pohybu
    leg action práce nohou při pohybu
activation aktivace, zapojení
    delayed muscle activation zpožděná aktivace svalu
    inhibited muscle activation inhibovaná svalová aktivace
alter změnit, pozměnit
anchoring the feet upevnění nohou (k podložce)
apart od sebe (nohy, chodidla), rozkročmo
bend* – bent – bent pokrčit, skrčit, ohnout, ohýbat
    bend the arm at elbows/legs at the knees pokrčit paže v loktech/nohy v kolenou
    bend the knees/upper body/elbows pokrčit kolena/ohnout trup-např. předklonit,zaklonit, uklonit/pokrčit lokty
bent pokrčení, ohnutí
bouncing hmitání
bring* - brought – brought přenést, přenášet (např. paže do nějaké pozice), pohybovat (pažemi nebo nohama)
    the arms are brought forward paže se pohybují vpřed
calf stretch cvik na protažení lýtkových svalů
circle kroužit, provádět krouživý pohyb
circling kroužení
clasp (the hands) sevřít, sepnout (ruce)
cross-legged zkřižmý, zkřižmo, s nohama zkříženýma, nohy jsou pokrčeny v kolenou
    cross-legged sitting turecký sed
curl ohnout, svinout, postupně zavinout, odvinout (např. trup od podložky)
curl-up varianta cviku “sed-leh”, kdy dochází pouze k částečnému odvíjení trupu od podložky, trup ani hlava se                 nedotknou stehen či kolen, bez hmitání
deteriorate zhoršit se
drive* - drove - driven  s  švihový, dynamický pohyb vpřed (např. švihová práce nohou při běhu), v  pohybovat         (se) švihem a  dynamicky vpřed
    leg drive záběrová fáze při běhu, rychlý, švihový, dynamický pohyb kolena a stehna vpřed 
exercise  s  cvik, cvičení, tělesná zátěž,  v  cvičit, provádět cvičení
expenditure výdej
fine jemný
    fine motor skills jemná motorika
flat plochý, umístěný plochou k podložce
    keep the feet/hands flat on the floor nohy/ruce spočívají na podložce
flatten vyrovnat, přitisknout (např. bederní páteř) k podložce při cvičení
footwork práce nohou při styku s podložkou
grasp uchopit, chytnout
gross hrubý
    gross motor skills hrubá motorika
hold* - held - held  s  výdrž, v  držet
    hold the position for couple of seconds vydržet v nezměněné pozici několik sekund
imbalance dysbalance (svalová)
kneel klečet. kleknout
kneeling klek, klečení, pozice v kleku
lean* - leant or leaned  s  náklon, naklonění,  v  naklánět (se), klonit (se)
    lean forward/backward/to the side/against the wall nakloňte se dopředu/zakloňte se/ukloňte se/opřete se o         stěnu
length délka
lengthen prodlužovat, natahovat
lie* - lay - lain ležet
    lie on your back/chest/side položit se na záda/břicho/bok
locomotion lokomoce
lower snížit, přejít do nižšího postavení, položit
    lower your arm back to the starting position vraťte paži zpět dolů, do výchozího postavení
lowering pokládání, položení, snížení
lunge výpad, skok (prudký pohyb vpřed)
lying (position) leh, pozice v lehu
    lying on the back, back-lying position leh na zádech
    lying on the chest, chest-lying position leh na břiše
    lying on the side, side-lying position leh na boku
motor motorický
    motor skill(s) motorická dovednost, motorika
    gross motor skills hrubá motorika
    fine motors skills jemný motorika
movement pattern pohybový vzorec, struktura pohybu, pohybový stereotyp
perform provádět, předvádět, vykonávat, dělat
pivot  s  otočný bod, střed otáčení, v  otáčet se, točit se (kolem nějakého středového bodu, např. stojné nohy)
    pivot point středový bod otáčení
pivoting točení (se), otáčení (kolem otočného bodu)
point směřovat, mířit
pull  s  tah (ve svalu), v  táhnout
push tlačit, protlačit
    push the hips forward protlačit boky vpřed
push-up klik, vzpor ležmo
    push-up position pozice ve vzporu ležmo
raise zvihnout, zdvihat
    leg raise cvik při kterém dochází ke zdvihání nohy
    raise arms vzpažit
scale váha (cvik na rovnováhu)
short krátký, zkrácený
shortening zkrácení (svalu)
sitting (position) sed, pozice v sedu
sit-ups sedy lehy
slide sunout, posunovat
split sed roznožný, čelní rozštěp
squat dřep
    full squat plný dřep
    full squat, feet flat dřep na plných chodidlech
    half squat podřep
stand  s  stoj,  v  postavte se, zaujměte pozici ve stoje
    standing (position) stoj, pozice ve stoji
    stand with your toes pointing forward postavte se, prsty nohou směřují vpřed
    stand/sit with your feet (slightly) apart zaujměte stoj/sed roznožný, postavte se/posaďte, nohy jsou (mírně)             od sebe
straddle rozkročit se
    straddle stand stoj rozkročný
straight rovný, narovnaný, natažený, propnutý
    keep your knees/legs/elbows/arms straight
straighten narovnat, natáhnout, propnout
    straighten your legs natáhněte, narovnejte nohy
strain nadměrná zátěž, zatížení
strength síla
strengthen posílit, posilovat
strengthening  s  posilování,  adj   posilovací (cvik)
stretch protáhnout, natáhnout, propnout, napnout
    stretch the arms forward/backward/upward/to the sides/sideways/ předpažit/zapažit/vzpažit/upažit
stretching protažení, natažení, propnutí
    stretching exercise protahovací cvik
support vzpor
    back support vzpor ležmo
    front support vzpor ležmo vzadu
sweep máchnout, švihnout
sweeping promáchnutí, švihnutí
swing  s  švih, švihnutí, hmit, v  švihnout, švihat, hmitat
swinging švihání, hmitání
tight zkrácený, s pocitem napětí (sval)
tightness zkrácení
tilt  s  sklon, náklon, v  sklánět, naklánět, klonit
    pelvic tilt sklon pánve
tuck (position) v sedu pozice schylmo, “kolébka” v leže na zádech
twist otáčet, točit
    trunk twist otáčet trupem
weak slabý, oslabený, ochablý
weakness oslabení, ochablost
width šíře, šířka
    shoulder width šíře ramen
    keep your feet at the shoulder width nohy umístěte na šíři ramen
    your legs are shoulder-width apart nohy jsou na šíři ramen